The Role of Genomics in Precision Medicine and Personalized Treatment in Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disorder marked by persistent hyperglycemia, represents a significant global health challenge. The disease manifests in various forms, including Type 1 diabetes (T1D), Type 2 diabetes (T2D), gestational diabetes, and rare monogenic types, each with distinct etiologies. Advances in omics technologies, particularly genomics, have provided significant advances in the understanding of diabetes by providing insight into its genetic and molecular basis. This study delves into the role of genomics in diabetes research, highlighting how genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have uncovered numerous genetic loci associated with T1D and T2D. The findings elucidate the hereditary basis of these conditions and propose potential targets for personalized treatments. Genomic discoveries have critical implications for risk prediction, pathophysiological insights, and the development of targeted interventions, thereby paving the way for precision medicine in diabetes care. However, challenges such as the complexity of polygenic influences and gene-environment interactions necessitate ongoing research to fully exploit the potential of genomics in combating diabetes.